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Journal Articles
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Book Chapters
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Under Review & In Preparation
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For a Popular Audience
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+ Indicates shared authorship.
* Indicates collaboration with current or former doctoral students or postdocs.
2023:
*Goudeau, S., Sanrey, C., Autin, F., Stephens, N. M., Markus, H. R., & Croizet, J.-C. (2023) (In press). Unequal opportunities from the start: Socioeconomic disparities in classroom participation in preschool. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General.
Müller, F., Goudeau, S., Stephens, N. M., Aelenei, C., & Sanitioso, R. B. (2023). Social-Class Inequalities in Distance Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Digital Divide, Cultural Mismatch, and Psychological Barriers. International Review of Social Psychology, 36(1): 3, 1–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/ irsp.716
2022:
*Birnbaum, H. J., *Dittmann, A. G., Stephens, N. M., Reinhart, E., *Carey, R. M., & Markus, H. R. (2022) (Advance publication). Personal harm from the Covid-19 pandemic increases advocacy for equality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 104 (2023), 104400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104400.
*Carey, R. M., Stephens N. M., Townsend, S. S. M., & Hamedani, M. G. (2022). Is diversity enough? Cross-race and cross-class interactions in college occur less often than expected, but benefit members of lower-status groups when they occur. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 123(5), 889-908. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa000302.
2021:
Stephens, N. M., Rivera, L. A., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2021). The cycle of workplace bias and how to interrupt it. Research in Organizational Behavior, 40, 1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.riob.2021.100137
Townsend, S. S. M., Stephens, N. M., & Hamedani, M. G. (2021). Difference-education improves first-generation students’ grades throughout college and increases comfort with social group difference. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 47(10), 1510-1519. doi: 10.1177/0146167220982909
2020:
*Birnbaum, H. J., Stephens, N. M., Townsend, S. S. M., & Hamedani, M. G. (2020). A diversity ideology intervention: Multiculturalism reduces the racial achievement gap. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12(5), 751-759. doi: 10.1177/1948550620938227
*Dittmann, A. G., Stephens, N. M., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2020). Achievement is not class-neutral: Working together benefits people from working-class contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119, 517-539. doi: 10.1037/pspa0000194
*Phillips, L. T., Stephens, N. M., Townsend, S. S. M., & *Goudeau, S. (2020). Access is not enough: Cultural mismatch persists to limit first-generation students’ opportunities for achievement throughout college. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(5), 1112-1131. doi: 10.1037/pspi0000234
Stephens, N. M. Hamedani, M. G., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2020). Difference-Education: Improving disadvantaged students’ academic outcomes by changing their theory of difference. In G. Walton & A. Crum (Eds.) Handbook of Wise Interventions: How Social-Psychological Insights Can Help Solve Problems, New York, NY: Guilford Press.
2019:
Stephens, N. M. & Townsend, S. S. M. (2019). Understanding how people detect social class from speech requires taking a cultural psychological perspective. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (commentary). doi: 10.1073/pnas.1916908116
Stephens, N. M., Townsend, S. S. M., & *Dittmann, A. G. (2019). Social class disparities in higher education and professional workplaces: The role of cultural mismatch. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28, 67-73. doi: 10.1177/0963721418806506
Stephens, N. M., Hamedani, M. G., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2019). Difference matters: Teaching students a contextual theory of difference can help them succeed. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14, 156-174 doi: 10.1177/1745691618797957
Townsend, S. S. M., Stephens, N. M., *Smallets, S., & Hamedani, M. G. (2019). Empowerment through difference: An online difference-education intervention closes the social class achievement gap. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45, 1068-1083. doi: 10.1177/0146167218804548
*Bencharit, L. Z., Ho, Y. W., Fung, H., Yeung, D., Stephens, N. M., Romero-Canyas, R., & Tsai, J. L. (2019). Should job applicants be excited or calm?: The role of culture and ideal affect in employment settings. Emotion, 19, 377-401. doi: 10.1037/emo0000444
2017:
Markus, H. R., & Stephens, N. M. (2017). Editorial overview: Inequality and social class: The psychological and behavioral consequences of inequality and social class: A theoretical integration. Current Opinion in Psychology, 18, 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.11.001
*Dittmann, A. G., & Stephens, N. M. (2017). Interventions aimed at closing the social class achievement gap in education: changing individuals, structures, and construals. Current Opinion in Psychology, 18, 111-116. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.044
Savani, K., Stephens, N. M., & Markus, H. R. (2017). Choice as an engine of analytic thought. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 146, 1234-1246. doi: 10.1037/xge0000351
Stephens, N. M., *Dittmann, A. G., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2017). Social class and models of competence: How gateway institutions disadvantage working-class Americans and how to intervene. In C. Dweck, A. Elliot, & D. Yeager (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation (2nd Edition): Theory and application. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
*Jury, M., Smeding, A. Stephens, N. M., *Nelson, J., Aelenei, C., & Darnon, C. (2017). The experience of Low-SES students in higher education: Psychological barriers to success and interventions to reduce social-class inequality. Journal of Social Issues, 73, 16-34. doi: 10.1111/josi.12202
2016:
*Apfelbaum, E. P., Stephens, N. M., & Reagans, R. (2016). Beyond one-size-fits-all: Tailoring diversity approaches to the representation of social groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111, 547-566. doi: 10.1037/pspi0000071
2015:
Stephens, N. M., *Brannon, T. N., Markus, H. R., & *Nelson, J. E. (2015). Feeling at home in college: Fortifying school-relevant selves to reduce social class disparities in higher education. Social Issues and Policy Review, 9, 1-24. doi: 10.1111/sipr.12008
Stephens, N. M., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2015). The norms that drive behavior: Implications for Cultural Mismatch Theory. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46, 1304-1306. doi: 10.1177/0022022115600264
Stephens, N. M., Townsend, S. S. M., Hamedani, M. G., Destin, M., & *Manzo, V. (2015). A difference-education intervention equips first-generation college students to thrive in the face of stressful college situations. Psychological Science, 26, 1556-1566. doi: 10.1177/0956797615593501
Stephens, N. M., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2015). How can financial incentives improve the success of disadvantaged college students? Insights from the social sciences. In B. Castleman, S. Schwartz, & S. Baum (Eds.), Decision making for student success: Behavioral insights to improve college access and persistence. New York, NY: Routledge.
2014:
Stephens, N. M., Cameron, J. S., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2014). Lower social class does not (always) mean greater interdependence: Women in poverty have fewer social resources than working-class women. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45, 1060-1072. doi: 10.1177/0022022114534768
Stephens, N.M., Hamedani, M. H., & Destin, M. (2014). Closing the social-class achievement gap: A difference-education intervention improves first-generation students' academic performance and all students' college transition. Psychological Science, 25, 943-953. doi: 10.1177/0956797613518349
Stephens, N. M., Markus, H. R., & *Phillips, T. (2014). Social class culture cycles: How three gateway contexts shape selves and fuel inequality. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 611-634. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115143
2013:
Stephens, N. M., Fryberg, S. A., Markus, H. R., & Hamedani, M. G. (2013). Who explains Hurricane Katrina and the Chilean earthquake as an act of God? The experience of extreme hardship predicts religious meaning-making. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 44, 607-619. doi: 10.1177/0022022112454330
Stephens, N. M., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2013). How can incentives improve the success of disadvantaged college students? Insights from the Social Sciences. Policy brief for a project sponsored by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation at the George Washington University.
Stephens, N. M., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2013). Rank is not enough: Why we need a sociocultural perspective to understand social class. Psychological Inquiry, 24, 126-130 (commentary). doi: 10.1080/1047840X.2013.795099
2012:
Fryberg, S. A., Stephens, N. M., *Covarrubias, R., Markus, H. R., Carter, E. D., Laiduc, G. A., and Salido, A. J. (2012). How the media frames the immigration debate: The critical role of location and politics. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 12, 96-112. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-2415.2011.01259.x
+Kraus, M., & +Stephens, N. M. (2012). A road map for an emerging psychology of social class. Social Psychology and Personality Compass, 6, 642-656. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00453.x
Stephens, N. M., Fryberg, S. A., Markus, H. R., Johnson, C., & *Covarrubias, R. (2012). Unseen disadvantage: How American universities’ focus on independence undermines the academic performance of first-generation college students. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(6), 1178-1197. doi: 10.1037/a0027143
Stephens, N. M., Markus, H. R., & Fryberg, S. A. (2012). Social class disparities in health and education: Reducing inequality by applying a sociocultural self model of behavior. Psychological Review, 119(4), 723-744. doi: 10.1037/a0029028
Stephens, N. M., Townsend, S. S. M., Markus, H. R., & *Phillips, L. T. (2012). A cultural mismatch: Independent cultural norms produce greater increases in cortisol and more negative emotions among first-generation college students. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 1389-1393. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.07.008
2007-2011:
Savani, K., Stephens, N. M., & Markus, H. R. (2011). The unanticipated interpersonal and societal consequences of choice: Victim-blaming and reduced support for the public good. Psychological Science, 22, 795-802. doi: 10.1177/0956797611407928
Stephens, N. M., Fryberg, S. A., & Markus, H. R. (2011). When choice does not equal freedom: A sociocultural analysis of agency in working-class contexts. Social and Personality Psychology Science, 2, 33-41. doi: 10.1177/1948550610378757
+Stephens, N. M., & Levine, C. S. (2011). Opting out or denying discrimination? How the framework of free choice in American society influences perceptions of gender inequality. Psychological Science, 22, 1231-1236. doi: 10.1177/0956797611417260
Fryberg, S. A., & Stephens, N. M. (2010). When the world is colorblind, American Indians are invisible. Psychological Inquiry, 21, 115-119. doi: 10.1080/1047840X.2010.483847
Sheperd, H., & Stephens, N. M. (2010). Using culture to explain behavior: An integrative cultural approach. Social Psychology Quarterly, 73, 353-354. doi: 10.1177/0190272510389011
Stephens, N. M., Hamedani, M. G., Markus, H. R., Bergsieker, H. B., & Eloul, L. (2009). Why did they "choose" to stay? Perspectives of the Hurricane Katrina observers and survivors. Psychological Science, 20, 878-886. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02386.x
Stephens, N. M., Markus, H. R., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2007). Choice as an act of meaning: The case of social class. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 814-830. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.93.5.814
* Indicates collaboration with current or former doctoral students or postdocs.
2023:
*Goudeau, S., Sanrey, C., Autin, F., Stephens, N. M., Markus, H. R., & Croizet, J.-C. (2023) (In press). Unequal opportunities from the start: Socioeconomic disparities in classroom participation in preschool. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General.
Müller, F., Goudeau, S., Stephens, N. M., Aelenei, C., & Sanitioso, R. B. (2023). Social-Class Inequalities in Distance Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Digital Divide, Cultural Mismatch, and Psychological Barriers. International Review of Social Psychology, 36(1): 3, 1–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/ irsp.716
2022:
*Birnbaum, H. J., *Dittmann, A. G., Stephens, N. M., Reinhart, E., *Carey, R. M., & Markus, H. R. (2022) (Advance publication). Personal harm from the Covid-19 pandemic increases advocacy for equality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 104 (2023), 104400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104400.
*Carey, R. M., Stephens N. M., Townsend, S. S. M., & Hamedani, M. G. (2022). Is diversity enough? Cross-race and cross-class interactions in college occur less often than expected, but benefit members of lower-status groups when they occur. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 123(5), 889-908. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa000302.
2021:
Stephens, N. M., Rivera, L. A., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2021). The cycle of workplace bias and how to interrupt it. Research in Organizational Behavior, 40, 1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.riob.2021.100137
Townsend, S. S. M., Stephens, N. M., & Hamedani, M. G. (2021). Difference-education improves first-generation students’ grades throughout college and increases comfort with social group difference. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 47(10), 1510-1519. doi: 10.1177/0146167220982909
2020:
*Birnbaum, H. J., Stephens, N. M., Townsend, S. S. M., & Hamedani, M. G. (2020). A diversity ideology intervention: Multiculturalism reduces the racial achievement gap. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12(5), 751-759. doi: 10.1177/1948550620938227
*Dittmann, A. G., Stephens, N. M., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2020). Achievement is not class-neutral: Working together benefits people from working-class contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119, 517-539. doi: 10.1037/pspa0000194
- Winner of the Wheeler Institute Award: judged to be research with greatest potential for contribution to the field of business for development at the 2019 Trans-Atlantic Doctoral Conference at London Business School
*Phillips, L. T., Stephens, N. M., Townsend, S. S. M., & *Goudeau, S. (2020). Access is not enough: Cultural mismatch persists to limit first-generation students’ opportunities for achievement throughout college. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(5), 1112-1131. doi: 10.1037/pspi0000234
Stephens, N. M. Hamedani, M. G., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2020). Difference-Education: Improving disadvantaged students’ academic outcomes by changing their theory of difference. In G. Walton & A. Crum (Eds.) Handbook of Wise Interventions: How Social-Psychological Insights Can Help Solve Problems, New York, NY: Guilford Press.
2019:
Stephens, N. M. & Townsend, S. S. M. (2019). Understanding how people detect social class from speech requires taking a cultural psychological perspective. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (commentary). doi: 10.1073/pnas.1916908116
Stephens, N. M., Townsend, S. S. M., & *Dittmann, A. G. (2019). Social class disparities in higher education and professional workplaces: The role of cultural mismatch. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28, 67-73. doi: 10.1177/0963721418806506
Stephens, N. M., Hamedani, M. G., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2019). Difference matters: Teaching students a contextual theory of difference can help them succeed. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14, 156-174 doi: 10.1177/1745691618797957
- Winner of the Otto Klineberg Intercultural and International Relations Award
Townsend, S. S. M., Stephens, N. M., *Smallets, S., & Hamedani, M. G. (2019). Empowerment through difference: An online difference-education intervention closes the social class achievement gap. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45, 1068-1083. doi: 10.1177/0146167218804548
*Bencharit, L. Z., Ho, Y. W., Fung, H., Yeung, D., Stephens, N. M., Romero-Canyas, R., & Tsai, J. L. (2019). Should job applicants be excited or calm?: The role of culture and ideal affect in employment settings. Emotion, 19, 377-401. doi: 10.1037/emo0000444
2017:
Markus, H. R., & Stephens, N. M. (2017). Editorial overview: Inequality and social class: The psychological and behavioral consequences of inequality and social class: A theoretical integration. Current Opinion in Psychology, 18, 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.11.001
*Dittmann, A. G., & Stephens, N. M. (2017). Interventions aimed at closing the social class achievement gap in education: changing individuals, structures, and construals. Current Opinion in Psychology, 18, 111-116. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.044
Savani, K., Stephens, N. M., & Markus, H. R. (2017). Choice as an engine of analytic thought. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 146, 1234-1246. doi: 10.1037/xge0000351
Stephens, N. M., *Dittmann, A. G., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2017). Social class and models of competence: How gateway institutions disadvantage working-class Americans and how to intervene. In C. Dweck, A. Elliot, & D. Yeager (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation (2nd Edition): Theory and application. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
*Jury, M., Smeding, A. Stephens, N. M., *Nelson, J., Aelenei, C., & Darnon, C. (2017). The experience of Low-SES students in higher education: Psychological barriers to success and interventions to reduce social-class inequality. Journal of Social Issues, 73, 16-34. doi: 10.1111/josi.12202
2016:
*Apfelbaum, E. P., Stephens, N. M., & Reagans, R. (2016). Beyond one-size-fits-all: Tailoring diversity approaches to the representation of social groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111, 547-566. doi: 10.1037/pspi0000071
2015:
Stephens, N. M., *Brannon, T. N., Markus, H. R., & *Nelson, J. E. (2015). Feeling at home in college: Fortifying school-relevant selves to reduce social class disparities in higher education. Social Issues and Policy Review, 9, 1-24. doi: 10.1111/sipr.12008
Stephens, N. M., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2015). The norms that drive behavior: Implications for Cultural Mismatch Theory. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46, 1304-1306. doi: 10.1177/0022022115600264
Stephens, N. M., Townsend, S. S. M., Hamedani, M. G., Destin, M., & *Manzo, V. (2015). A difference-education intervention equips first-generation college students to thrive in the face of stressful college situations. Psychological Science, 26, 1556-1566. doi: 10.1177/0956797615593501
Stephens, N. M., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2015). How can financial incentives improve the success of disadvantaged college students? Insights from the social sciences. In B. Castleman, S. Schwartz, & S. Baum (Eds.), Decision making for student success: Behavioral insights to improve college access and persistence. New York, NY: Routledge.
2014:
Stephens, N. M., Cameron, J. S., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2014). Lower social class does not (always) mean greater interdependence: Women in poverty have fewer social resources than working-class women. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45, 1060-1072. doi: 10.1177/0022022114534768
Stephens, N.M., Hamedani, M. H., & Destin, M. (2014). Closing the social-class achievement gap: A difference-education intervention improves first-generation students' academic performance and all students' college transition. Psychological Science, 25, 943-953. doi: 10.1177/0956797613518349
Stephens, N. M., Markus, H. R., & *Phillips, T. (2014). Social class culture cycles: How three gateway contexts shape selves and fuel inequality. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 611-634. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115143
2013:
Stephens, N. M., Fryberg, S. A., Markus, H. R., & Hamedani, M. G. (2013). Who explains Hurricane Katrina and the Chilean earthquake as an act of God? The experience of extreme hardship predicts religious meaning-making. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 44, 607-619. doi: 10.1177/0022022112454330
Stephens, N. M., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2013). How can incentives improve the success of disadvantaged college students? Insights from the Social Sciences. Policy brief for a project sponsored by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation at the George Washington University.
Stephens, N. M., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2013). Rank is not enough: Why we need a sociocultural perspective to understand social class. Psychological Inquiry, 24, 126-130 (commentary). doi: 10.1080/1047840X.2013.795099
2012:
Fryberg, S. A., Stephens, N. M., *Covarrubias, R., Markus, H. R., Carter, E. D., Laiduc, G. A., and Salido, A. J. (2012). How the media frames the immigration debate: The critical role of location and politics. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 12, 96-112. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-2415.2011.01259.x
+Kraus, M., & +Stephens, N. M. (2012). A road map for an emerging psychology of social class. Social Psychology and Personality Compass, 6, 642-656. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00453.x
Stephens, N. M., Fryberg, S. A., Markus, H. R., Johnson, C., & *Covarrubias, R. (2012). Unseen disadvantage: How American universities’ focus on independence undermines the academic performance of first-generation college students. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(6), 1178-1197. doi: 10.1037/a0027143
- Winner of Stanley Reiter Best Paper Award: judged to be the best paper among those published by the Kellogg faculty in the preceding four years
Stephens, N. M., Markus, H. R., & Fryberg, S. A. (2012). Social class disparities in health and education: Reducing inequality by applying a sociocultural self model of behavior. Psychological Review, 119(4), 723-744. doi: 10.1037/a0029028
- Winner of Otto Klineberg Intercultural and International Relations Award
Stephens, N. M., Townsend, S. S. M., Markus, H. R., & *Phillips, L. T. (2012). A cultural mismatch: Independent cultural norms produce greater increases in cortisol and more negative emotions among first-generation college students. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 1389-1393. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.07.008
2007-2011:
Savani, K., Stephens, N. M., & Markus, H. R. (2011). The unanticipated interpersonal and societal consequences of choice: Victim-blaming and reduced support for the public good. Psychological Science, 22, 795-802. doi: 10.1177/0956797611407928
Stephens, N. M., Fryberg, S. A., & Markus, H. R. (2011). When choice does not equal freedom: A sociocultural analysis of agency in working-class contexts. Social and Personality Psychology Science, 2, 33-41. doi: 10.1177/1948550610378757
+Stephens, N. M., & Levine, C. S. (2011). Opting out or denying discrimination? How the framework of free choice in American society influences perceptions of gender inequality. Psychological Science, 22, 1231-1236. doi: 10.1177/0956797611417260
Fryberg, S. A., & Stephens, N. M. (2010). When the world is colorblind, American Indians are invisible. Psychological Inquiry, 21, 115-119. doi: 10.1080/1047840X.2010.483847
Sheperd, H., & Stephens, N. M. (2010). Using culture to explain behavior: An integrative cultural approach. Social Psychology Quarterly, 73, 353-354. doi: 10.1177/0190272510389011
Stephens, N. M., Hamedani, M. G., Markus, H. R., Bergsieker, H. B., & Eloul, L. (2009). Why did they "choose" to stay? Perspectives of the Hurricane Katrina observers and survivors. Psychological Science, 20, 878-886. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02386.x
Stephens, N. M., Markus, H. R., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2007). Choice as an act of meaning: The case of social class. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 814-830. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.93.5.814
2020:
Stephens, N. M. Hamedani, M. G., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2020). Difference-education: Improving disadvantaged students’ academic outcomes by changing their theory of difference. In G. Walton & A. Crum (Eds.) Handbook of Wise Interventions: How Social-Psychological Insights Can Help Solve Problems, New York, NY: Guilford Press.
2017:
Stephens, N. M., *Dittmann, A. G., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2017). Social class and models of competence: How gateway institutions disadvantage working-class Americans and how to intervene. In C. Dweck, A. Elliot, & D. Yeager (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation (2nd Edition): Theory and application. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
2015:
Stephens, N. M., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2015). How can financial incentives improve the success of disadvantaged college students? Insights from the social sciences. In B. Castleman, S. Schwartz & S. Baum (Eds.), Decision making for student success: Behavioral insights to improve college access and persistence. New York, NY: Routledge.
2012:
Stephens, N. M., Fryberg, S. A., & Markus, H. R. (2012). It's your choice: How the middle-class model of independence disadvantages working-class Americans. In S. T. Fiske & H. R. Markus (Eds.), Facing social class: How societal rank influences interaction (pp. 87-106). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
Manuscripts in Revision:
Dittmann, A. G., Birnbaum, H. J., Stephens, N. M., Carey, R. M., Markus H. R., & Reinhart, E. C. (Invited revision). Free to be ... Isolated?: A longitudinal study of gig workers' interdependence and well-being in the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Organizational Behavior.
*Carey, R. M., Stephens, N. M., & Markus, H. R. (Invited revision). Can close relationships reduce social class health disparities? Supportive and trusting relationships are more consequential for health and well-being in lower social class contexts. Psychological Science.
Kennedy, J. A., *McDonnell, M. H., & Stephens, N. M. (Invited revision). Do women face a higher ethical bar? Exploring gender discrimination in the punishment of ethical violations at work. Organization Science.
Stephens, N. M., Townsend, S. S. M., *Carey, R. M., Hamedani, M. G., *Brannon, T. N., & Murphy, M. C. (Invited revision). The benefits of difference-education interventions extend to lower-resourced institutions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General.
Stephens, N. M., *Emery, L. F., & Townsend, S. S. M. (Invited revision). Social class. Invited chapter to appear in The Handbook of Social Psychology, 7th ed.
*Truong, M., Townsend, S. S. M., Stephens, N. M., & Smallets, S. (Invited revision). Crossing the class divide: Social class background moderates threat in cross-class versus same-class interactions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.
Manuscripts Under Review:
Goudeau, S., Stephens, N. M., Markus, H. R., Darnon, C., Croizet, J.-C., & Cimpian, A. (Under review). Toward an integrated sociocultural understanding of social class disparities in education: The role of the (mis)match between academic contexts and social class socialization contexts. Psychological Review.
*Dittmann, A. G., Stephens, N. M., Townsend, S. S. M., & Rivera, L. A. (Under review). The double-edge sword of elite preparation: Elite preparation sensitizes professionals from working-class backgrounds to interpersonal challenges and strengths. Administrative Science Quarterly.
*Truong, M., *Birnbaum, H., *Dittman, A. G., Stephens, N. M., Townsend, S. S. M., *Emery, L., & *Carey, R. M. (Under review). Feminine defaults are associated with a reduction in the gender participation gap in MBA classrooms. Psychological Science.
*Dittmann, A. G., Stephens, N. M., & Townsend, S. S. M. (Under review). Interdependent behavior only benefits employees from working-class backgrounds when it is both enacted and valued. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
Manuscripts in Preparation:
Dittmann, A. G., Birnbaum, H. J., Stephens, N. M., Carey, R. M., Markus H. R., & Reinhart, E. C. (Invited revision). Free to be ... Isolated?: A longitudinal study of gig workers' interdependence and well-being in the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Organizational Behavior.
*Carey, R. M., Stephens, N. M., & Markus, H. R. (Invited revision). Can close relationships reduce social class health disparities? Supportive and trusting relationships are more consequential for health and well-being in lower social class contexts. Psychological Science.
Kennedy, J. A., *McDonnell, M. H., & Stephens, N. M. (Invited revision). Do women face a higher ethical bar? Exploring gender discrimination in the punishment of ethical violations at work. Organization Science.
Stephens, N. M., Townsend, S. S. M., *Carey, R. M., Hamedani, M. G., *Brannon, T. N., & Murphy, M. C. (Invited revision). The benefits of difference-education interventions extend to lower-resourced institutions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General.
Stephens, N. M., *Emery, L. F., & Townsend, S. S. M. (Invited revision). Social class. Invited chapter to appear in The Handbook of Social Psychology, 7th ed.
*Truong, M., Townsend, S. S. M., Stephens, N. M., & Smallets, S. (Invited revision). Crossing the class divide: Social class background moderates threat in cross-class versus same-class interactions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.
Manuscripts Under Review:
Goudeau, S., Stephens, N. M., Markus, H. R., Darnon, C., Croizet, J.-C., & Cimpian, A. (Under review). Toward an integrated sociocultural understanding of social class disparities in education: The role of the (mis)match between academic contexts and social class socialization contexts. Psychological Review.
*Dittmann, A. G., Stephens, N. M., Townsend, S. S. M., & Rivera, L. A. (Under review). The double-edge sword of elite preparation: Elite preparation sensitizes professionals from working-class backgrounds to interpersonal challenges and strengths. Administrative Science Quarterly.
*Truong, M., *Birnbaum, H., *Dittman, A. G., Stephens, N. M., Townsend, S. S. M., *Emery, L., & *Carey, R. M. (Under review). Feminine defaults are associated with a reduction in the gender participation gap in MBA classrooms. Psychological Science.
*Dittmann, A. G., Stephens, N. M., & Townsend, S. S. M. (Under review). Interdependent behavior only benefits employees from working-class backgrounds when it is both enacted and valued. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
Manuscripts in Preparation:
2021:
*Dittmann, A. G., Stephens, N. M., & Townsend, S. S. M. (July 20, 2021). Research: How Our Class Background Affects the Way We Collaborate. Harvard Business Review.
2020:
Stephens, N. M. (February 6, 2020). Are you giving all of your employees an equal chance to succeed? Kellogg Insight.
2019:
Townsend, S. S. M. & Stephens, N. M. (September 17, 2019). A surprising path to improving working-class students’ academic achievement. SPSP News.
Stephens, N. M. & Townsend, S. S. M. (January 16, 2019). The unseen reason working-class students drop out. Politico.
2018:
Stephens, N. M. (September 14, 2018). Why do people stay when a hurricane comes? The New York Times.
2017:
Stephens, N. M. & Townsend, S. S. M. (May 22, 2017). Research: How you feel about individualism is influenced by your social class. Harvard Business Review.
2016:
Stephens, N. M. & Apfelbaum, E. (August 16, 2016). The real reasons diversity programs don’t work. Fortune.
2014:
Stephens, N. M., Hamedani, M. G., & Destin, M. (March 18, 2014). Talk about class. Inside Higher Ed.
2011:
Savani, K., Stephens, N. M., & Markus, H. R. (May 4, 2011). Stories of choice in India and the US. Live Mint.
*Dittmann, A. G., Stephens, N. M., & Townsend, S. S. M. (July 20, 2021). Research: How Our Class Background Affects the Way We Collaborate. Harvard Business Review.
2020:
Stephens, N. M. (February 6, 2020). Are you giving all of your employees an equal chance to succeed? Kellogg Insight.
2019:
Townsend, S. S. M. & Stephens, N. M. (September 17, 2019). A surprising path to improving working-class students’ academic achievement. SPSP News.
Stephens, N. M. & Townsend, S. S. M. (January 16, 2019). The unseen reason working-class students drop out. Politico.
2018:
Stephens, N. M. (September 14, 2018). Why do people stay when a hurricane comes? The New York Times.
2017:
Stephens, N. M. & Townsend, S. S. M. (May 22, 2017). Research: How you feel about individualism is influenced by your social class. Harvard Business Review.
2016:
Stephens, N. M. & Apfelbaum, E. (August 16, 2016). The real reasons diversity programs don’t work. Fortune.
2014:
Stephens, N. M., Hamedani, M. G., & Destin, M. (March 18, 2014). Talk about class. Inside Higher Ed.
2011:
Savani, K., Stephens, N. M., & Markus, H. R. (May 4, 2011). Stories of choice in India and the US. Live Mint.